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Thebes, Egypt
Thebes (, ''Thēbai''), known to the ancient Egyptians as Waset, was an ancient Egyptian city located east of the Nile about south of the Mediterranean. Its ruins lie within the modern Egyptian city of Luxor. Karnak and the necropolis of ancient Thebes lie nearby on the Nile's west bank. Waset was a Scepter nome, and it was the main city of the fourth Upper Egyptian nome. It was close to Nubia and the eastern desert, with their valuable mineral resources and trade routes. The site of Thebes includes areas on both the eastern bank of the Nile, where the temples of Karnak and Luxor stand, and the western bank, where are the large private and royal cemeteries and funerary complexes.
==Name==
The Ancient Egyptians originally knew Thebes as Waset (''wꜣs.t''), the "City of the Was". A ''was'' was the scepter of the pharaohs, a long staff with an animal's head and a forked base.
Thebes is the latinized form of the Greek Thebai, the hellenized form of the Demotic Egyptian . This was the local name not for the city itself but for the Karnak temple complex beside the necropolis on the west bank of the river. (' in formal Egyptian.) As early as Homer's ''Iliad'',〔''Iliad'', IV.406 & IX.383.〕 the Greeks distinguished the Egyptian Thebes as ,〔Also rendered as Hundred-Gated Thebes.〕 (, ''Thēbai hekatómpyloi'') as opposed to the "Thebes of the Seven Gates" (, ''Thēbai heptapyloi'') in Boeotia in Greece.
From the end of the New Kingdom, Thebes was known in Egyptian as , the "City of Amun". Amun was the chief of the Theban Triad of gods whose other members were Mut and Khonsu. This name appears in the Bible as the () of the Book of Nahum〔Nahum 3:8.〕 and probably also as the "No" () mentioned in Ezekiel〔Ezekiel 30:14–16.〕 and Jeremiah.〔Jeremiah 46:25.〕 In the ''interpretatio graeca'', Amun was seen as a form of Zeus. The name was therefore translated into Greek as Diospolis, the "City of Zeus". To distinguish it from the numerous other cities by this name, it was known as the (, ''megálē Dióspolis''; (ラテン語:Diospolis Magna)). The Greek names came into wider use after the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great, when the country came to be ruled by the Macedonian Ptolemaic dynasty.
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